 |
Publisher: Peytchinski Publishing Ltd.
ISSN: 1312-773X (Online)
Issue: 2023, vol. 29, issue1
Subject Area: Public Health
-
DOI: 10.5272/jimab.2023291.4763
Published online: 11 January 2023
Original article
J of IMAB. 2023 Jan-Mar;29(1):4763-4769
AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION OF FOODS AND OF FOODS ACCUMULATING LEAD AND CADMIUM IN YOUNG PEOPLE
Vanya Birdanova1
, Irena Stoilova1, Ivelina Ruseva1, Zdravka Radionova2,
1) Department of Hygiene Medical Ecology, Occupational Diseases and MBS, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Pleven, Bulgaria.
2) Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Pleven, Bulgaria.
ABSTRACT:
Purpose of the study is to investigate food consumption in young people and the contribution of food to heavy metal pollution.
Methods: The object of the study are 60 healthy young people aged 19-29 years (average age – 23,9 ± 2,6) from Pleven and the Pleven district. Assessment of food intake was made according to A two-day, 24-hour diet recall method and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) method. A documentary method was used to assess the content of heavy metals- data provided by the Food Chain Risk Assessment Centre Data provided by the Food Chain Risk Assessment Centre. 2,471 food samples were analyzed for lead and cadmium over a 7-year period.
Result: The food group importing complex carbohydrates could have a probable contribution to the dietary exposure to Pb and Cd, as they are consumed in the recommended amounts, although no content of lead and cadmium above the maximum permissible amounts was found in the studied foods. Intake of vegetables and fruits is significantly below recommended - vegetables and fruits would likely contribute to dietary exposure to Pb and Cd provided they were consumed as recommended. The average daily intake of dairy products is compared to the references. Game meat and offal could contribute to dietary exposure to both heavy metals, but these were also not consumed by the respondents. Fish and seafood likely contribute to dietary exposure to heavy metals, but their consumption is low and significantly below recommendations.
Conclusion: The obtained results confirm the importance of a healthy food model for the protection of human health, including protection from chemical hazards in food.
Keywords: daily consumption, Bulgarian young population, heavy metals,
- Download FULL TEXT /PDF 2053 KB/
Please cite this article as: Birdanova V, Stoilova I, Ruseva I, Radionova Z. Average daily consumption of foods and of foods accumulating lead and cadmium in young people. J of IMAB. 2023 Jan-Mar;29(1):4763-4769. DOI: 10.5272/jimab.2022281.4763
Correspondence to: Vanya Birdanova, Department of hygiene, medical ecology, occupational diseases and disaster medicine, Medical University-Pleven; 1, St. Kliment Ohridski Str., Pleven, Bulgaria; E-mail: vania62@gmail.com
REFERENCES:
1. Ministry of Health. [Regulation 1 of on physiological norms for nutrition of the Bulgarian population.] 22 January 2018. [in Bulgarian] [Internet]
2. Food-based dietary guidlines for adults in Bulgaria. Ministry of Health, NCPHA, Sofia. 2006. [Internet]
3. National program for the prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases 2021-2025. [Internet]
4. Regulation (EU) 2017/625 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 on official controls and other official activities performed to ensure the application of food and feed law, rules on animal health and welfare, plant health and plant protection products, OJ L 95, 7.4.2017:3-7. [Internet]
5. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs, OJ L 364, 19.12.2006: 5-24. [Internet]
6. Maharramov MA, Jalalov AA, Maharramova SI and Jahangirov MM, Effects of Heavy Toxic Metals on Human Health and Methods of Determining their Content in Tea Sheets and Vegetables Grown in the Lankaran-Astara Region of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Adv Clin Toxicol. 2021, 6(1): 000203. [Crossref]
7. Kroes R, Renwick AG, Cheeseman M, Kleiner J, Mangelsdorf I, Piersma A, et al.European branch of the International Life Sciences Institute. Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet. Food Chem Toxicol. 2004 Jan;42(1):65-83. [PubMed]
8. Duleva V, Rangelova L, Petrova S, Dimitrov P. Nutrition of Children and Adults in Bulgaria, 2014: Food Frequency Questionnaires. In: National Survey of Nutrition Factor for Health Risk Among the Population in Bulgaria. Part III. Bulgarian Journal of Public Health. 2017; 9(2):59-77. [Internet]
9. Arun KB, Madhavan A, Sindhu R, Emmanual S, Binod P, Pugazhendhi A, et al. Probiotics and gut microbiome - Prospects and challenges in remediating heavy metal toxicity. J Hazard Mater. 2021 Oct 15;420:126676. [PubMed]
10. Feng P, Ye Z, Kakade A, Virk AK, Li X, Liu P. A Review on Gut Remediation of Selected Environmental Contaminants: Possible Roles of Probiotics and Gut Microbiota. Nutrients. 2018 Dec 21;11(1):22. [PubMed]
11. Zwierzchowski G, Ametaj BN. Minerals and Heavy Metals in the Whole Raw Milk of Dairy Cows from Different Management Systems and Countries of Origin: A Meta-Analytical Study. J Agric Food Chem. 2018 Jul 5;66(26):6877-6888. [PubMed]
12. Boudebbouz A, Boudalia S, Bousbia A, Habila S, Boussadia MI, Gueroui Y. Heavy metals levels in raw cow milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jan 10;751:141830. [PubMed]
13. Castro-Bedriñana J, Chirinos-Peinado D, Ríos-Ríos E, Machuca-Campuzano M, Gómez -Ventura E. Dietary risk of milk contaminated with lead and cadmium in areas near mining-metallurgical industries in the Central Andes of Peru. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Sep 1;220:112382. [PubMed]
14. Pigłowski M. Heavy Metals in Notifications of Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Feb 20;15(2):365. [PubMed]
15. Han JL, Pan XD, Chen Q. Distribution and safety assessment of heavy metals in fresh meat from Zhejiang, China. Sci Rep. 2022 Feb 25;12(1):3241. [PubMed]
16. Zhang T, Zhang Y, Li W, Wang L, Jiao Y, Wang Y, et al. Occurrence and dietary exposure of heavy metals in marketed vegetables and fruits of Shandong Province, China. Food Sci Nutr. 2021 Jul 23;9(9):5166-5173. [PubMed]
17. Khan A, Khan S, Khan MA, Qamar Z, Waqas M. The uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by food plants, their effects on plants nutrients, and associated health risk: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Sep;22(18):13772-99. [PubMed]
18. Yang JZ, Wang ZL, Gao JW, Yan H, Hu SQ, Tang SX, et al. Accumulation and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Cereals, Vegetables, and Fruits of Intensive Plantations in Hainan Province. Huan Jing Ke Xue. 2021 Oct 8;42(10):4916-4924. [PubMed]
19. Thabit TMAM, Shokr SA, Elgeddawy DIH, El-Naggar MAH. Determination of Heavy Metals in Wheat and Barley Grains Using ICP-MS/MS. J AOAC Int. 2020 Sep 1;103(5):1277-1281. [PubMed]
20. Xu X, Luo P, Li S, Zhang Q, Sun D. Distributions of Heavy Metals in Rice and Corn and Their Health Risk Assessment in Guizhou Province. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2022 May;108(5):926-935. [PubMed]
Received: 29 August 2022
Published online: 11 January 2023