head JofIMAB
Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers)
Publisher: Peytchinski Publishing Ltd.
ISSN: 1312-773X (Online)
Issue: 2021, vol. 27, issue1
Subject Area: Medicine
-
DOI: 10.5272/jimab.2021271.3529
Published online: 18 January 2021

Review article

J of IMAB. 2021 Jan-Mar;27(1):3529-3533
REVIEW ON ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN PATIENTS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Ivan TodorovORCID logo Corresponding Autoremail, Kosta KostovORCID logo,
Neurology Clinic, Medical Institute-Ministry of Interior, Sofia, Bulgaria.

ABSTRACT:
Nowadays, with the constant enhancement of the longevity of the human population, the spreading of dementia is in steady rising. Among the many different sources of progressive cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease plays a major role being the most common reason for mental decline in the elderly population. Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that leads to progressive cognitive impairment and has severe health, social and economic tolls. The lack of effective treatment and the problems of the daily living that the disease creates for the patients and their families raises many important issues in modern times.  Due to the effect on the individuals and the need for a permanent caregiver, it is of high importance to have accessible tools for early diagnostic and assessment of the ongoing treatment. Electroencephalography is a noninvasive, easily reproductive diagnostic method with low cost that can be performed in different stages of the diseases of the central nervous system and give input on the current condition. This review presents the current achievements in the field of the usage of electroencephalography and its specific findings in patients with Alzheimer's disease and the qualitative and quantitative changes that appears and are important for early diagnosis, differential diagnostic, prediction of acceleration of the pathological process, distinguishing of co-existing conditions and follow-up of the effect of the administered treatment.

Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, electroencephalography, qualitative and quantitative changes, review,

pdf - Download FULL TEXT /PDF 500 KB/
Please cite this article as: Todorov I, Kostov K. Review on electroencephalographic findings in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J of IMAB. 2021 Jan-Mar;27(1):3529-3533. DOI: 10.5272/jimab.2021271.3529

Corresponding AutorCorrespondence to: Ivan Todorov, Neurology clinic, Medical Institute-Ministry of Interior; 79, Skobelev Blvd., 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria; E-mail: ivan___todorov@abv.bg

REFERENCES:
1. Minchev D. (Editor). [Basic of clinical electroencephalography.] [in Bulgarian] Zograf, Varna, 2008: 186-211.
2. Kuusisto J, Koivisto K, Kervinen K, Mykkanen L, Helkala EL, Vanhanen M, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E phenotypes with late onset Alzheimer's disease: population based study. BMJ. 1994 Sep 10;309(6955):636-8. [PubMed]
3. Hier DB, Mangone CA, Ganellen R, Warach JD, Van Egeren R, Perlik SJ, et al. Quantitative Measurement of Delta Activity in Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1991 Jul;22(3):178-82. [PubMed]
4. Prichep LS, John ER, Ferris SH, Reisberg B, Almas M, Alper K, et al. Quantitative EEG correlates of cognitive deterioration in the elderly. Neurobiol Aging. 1994 Jan-Feb;15(1):85-90. [PubMed]
5. Yener GG, Leuchter AF, Jenden D, Read SL, Cummings JL, Miller BL. Quantitative EEG in Frontotemporal Dementia. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1996 Apr;27(2):61-8. [PubMed]
6. Claus JJ, Kwa VI, Teunisse S, Walstra GJ, van Gool WA, Koelman JH, et al. Slowing on quantitative spectral EEG is a marker for rate of subsequent cognitive and functional decline in early Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1998 Sep;12(3):167-74. [PubMed]
7. Deslandes A, Veiga H, Cagy M, Fiszman A, Piedade R, Ribeiro P. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) to discriminate primary degenerative dementia from major depressive disorder (depression). Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2004 Mar; 62(1):44-50. [PubMed]
8. Tsolaki A, Kazis D, Kompatsiaris I, Kosmidou V, Tsolaki M. Electroencephalogram and Alzheimer's Disease: Clinical and Research Approaches. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;2014:349249. [PubMed]
9. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004 Jul;115(7):1490-505. [PubMed]
10. Jelles B, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM, Jonkman EJ, Lopes da Silva FH, Stam CJ. Global dynamical analysis of the EEG in Alzheimer's disease: frequency-specific changes of functional interactions. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Apr;119(4):837-41. [PubMed]
11. Czigler B, Csikos D, Hidasi Z, Anna Gaal Z, Csibri E, Kiss E, et al. Quantitative EEG in early Alzheimer's disease patients—power spectrum and complexity features. Int J Psychophysiol. 2008;68(1):75–80. [PubMed]
12. Jonkman EJ. The role of the electroencephalogram in the diagnosis of dementia of the Alzheimer type: an attempt at technology assessment. Neurophysiol Clin. 1997;27(3):211–219. [PubMed]
13. Hegerl U, Moller HJ. Electroencephalography as a diagnostic instrument in Alzheimer's disease: reviews and perspectives. Int Psychogeriatr. 1997;9(1):237–252. [PubMed]
14. Stam CJ, Jelles B, Achtereekte HAM, van Birgelen JH, Slaets JPJ. Diagnostic Usefulness of Linear and Nonlinear Quantitative EEG Analysis in Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1996 April;27(2):69–77. [PubMed]
15. Trambaiolli LR, Falk TH, Fraga FJ, Anghinah R, Lorena AC. EEG spectro-temporal modulation energy: A new feature for automated diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc, Boston, MA. 2011;1:3828-3831. [PubMed]
16. Irizarry MC, Jin S, He F, Emond JA, Raman R, Thomas RG, et al. Incidence of New-Onset Seizures in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer Disease. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(3):368–372. [PubMed]
17. Brenner RP, Reynolds III CF, Ulrich RF. Diagnostic efficacy of computerized spectral versus visual EEG analysis in elderly normal, demented and depressed subjects. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1988;69(2):110–117. [PubMed]
18. Hsiao FJ, Wang YJ, Yan SH, Chen WT, Lin YY.  Altered oscillation and synchronization of default-mode network activity in mild Alzheimer's disease compared to mild cognitive impairment: an electrophysiological study. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 11;8(7):e68792. [PubMed]
19. Moretti DV, Frisoni GB, Fracassi C, Pievani M, Geroldi C, Binetti G, et al. MCI patients' EEGs show group differences between those who progress and those who do not progress to AD. NeurobiolAging. 2011;32(4):563–571. [PubMed]
20. Babiloni C, Lizio R, Del Percio C, Marzano N, Soricelli A, Salvatore E, et al. Cortical sources of resting state EEG rhythms are sensitive to the progression of early stage Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013; 34(4):1015-1035. [PubMed]
21. Rodriguez G, Nobili F, Arrigo A, Priano F, De Carli F, Francione S, et al. Prognostic significance of quantitative electroencephalography in Alzheimer patients: preliminary observations. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1996;99(2):123–128. [PubMed]
22. Gianotti LRR, Kunig G, Lehmann D, Faber PL, Pascual-Marqui RD, Kochi K, et al. Correlation between disease severity and brain electric LORETA tomography in Alzheimer's disease.  Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(1):186–196. [PubMed]
23. Babiloni C, Carducci F, Lizio R, Vecchio F, Baglieri A, Bernardini S, et al. Resting state cortical electroencephalographic rhythms are related to gray matter volume in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Hum Brain Mapp. 2013;34(6):1427-1446. [PubMed]
24. Canuet L, Tellado I, Couceiro V, Fraile C, Fernandez-Novoa L, Ishii R, et al. Resting-state network disruption and APOE genotype in Alzheimer's disease: a lagged functional connectivity study. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e46289. [PubMed]
25. Snyder SM, Hall JR, Cornwell SL, Falk JD. Addition of EEG improves accuracy of a logistic model that uses neuropsychological and cardiovascular factors to identify dementia and MCI. Psychiatry Res. 2011;186(1):97–102. [PubMed]
26. Gasser US, Rousson V, Hentschel F, Sattel H, Gasser T. Alzheimer disease versus mixed dementias: an EEG perspective. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008;119(10):2255–2259. [PubMed]
27. Babiloni C, Lizio R, Carducci F, Vecchio F, Redolfi A, Marino S, et al. Resting state cortical electroencephalographic rhythms and white matter vascular lesions in subjects with alzheimer's disease: an Italian multicenter study.  J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;26(2):331–346. [PubMed]
28. Micanovic C, Pal S. The diagnostic utility of EEG in early-onset dementia: a systematic review of the literature with narrative analysis. J Neural Transm. 2014;121(1):59–69. [PubMed]
29. Roks G, Korf ESC, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, Stam CJ. The use of EEG in the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(4):377–380. [PubMed]
30. Van Straaten ECW, de Haan W, de Waal H, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM, Barkhof F, et al. Disturbed oscillatory brain dynamics in subcortical ischemic vascular dementia. BMC Neurosci. 2012;13:85. [PubMed]
31. Gawel M, Zalewska E, Szmidt-Saіkowska E, Kowalski J. The value of quantitative EEG in differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and subcortical vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci. 2009 Aug 15;283(1-2):127-33. [PubMed]
32. Adler G, Brassen S, Chwalek K, Dieter B, Teufel M. Prediction of treatment response to rivastigmine in Alzheimer's dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(2):292–294. [PubMed]
33. Babiloni C, Cassetta E, Dal Forno G, Del Percio C, Ferreri F, Ferrie R, et al. Donepezil effects on sources of cortical rhythms in mild Alzheimer's disease: Responders vs. Non-Responders. Neuro Image. 2006;31(4):1650–1665. [PubMed]
34. Gianotti LRR, Kunig G, Faber PL, Lehmann D, Pascual-Marqui RD, Kochi K, et al. Rivastigmine effects on EEG spectra and three-dimensional LORETA functional imaging in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology. 2008;198(3):323–332. [PubMed]
35. Rodriguez G, Vitali P, Canfora M, Calvini P, Girtler N, De Leo C, et al. Quantitative EEG and perfusional single photon emission computed tomography correlation during long-term donepezil therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;115(1):39–49. [PubMed]
36. Sneddon R, Shankle WR, Hara J, Rodriquez A, Hoffman D, Saha U. QEEG Monitoring of Alzheimer's Disease Treatment: A Preliminary Report of Three Case Studies. Clin EEG and Neurosci. 2006 Jan;37(1):54–59. [PubMed]
37. Lizio R, Vecchio F, Frisoni GB, Ferri R, Rodriguez G, Babiloni C. Electroencephalographic rhythms in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;2011(927573):11. [PubMed]
38. Rossini PM, Rossi S, Babiloni C, Polich J. Clinical neurophysiology of aging brain: from normal aging to neurodegeneration. ProgNeurobiol. 2007;83(6):375–400. [PubMed]
39. Snaedal J, Johannesson GH, Gudmundsson TE, Blin NP, Emilsdottir AL, Einarsson B, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of statistical pattern recognition of electroencephalogram registration in evaluation of cognitive impairment and dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2012;34(1):51–60. [PubMed]
40. Babiloni C, Del Percio C, Bordet R, Bourriez JL, Bentivoglio M, Payoux P, et al. Effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine on resting-state electroencephalographic rhythms in Alzheimer's disease patients. Clin Neurophysiol. 2013 May;124(5):837-50. [PubMed].

Received: 05 March 2020
Published online: 18 January 2021

back to Online Journal